Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan yang memiliki garis pantai terpanjang no 2 di dunia memiliki potensi pemanfaatan ekosistem pesisir yang sangat besar. Dalam hal ini, bentuk pemanfaatan yang biasa dilakukan oleh masyarakat pesisir adalah budidaya tambak.
Definisi Tambak dalam PERKA BIG no 3 tahun 2016 merupakan bentukan kolam buatan yang biasanya berasosiasi dengan wilayah pantai yang diisi air dan dimanfaatkan sebagai sarana budidaya perairan (akuakultur). Dari definisi tersebut dapat dipisahkan bahwa berdasarkan suplai airnya dimana apabila sumber airnya merupakan air payau atau asin maka disebut sebagai tambak dan apabila sumber airnya merupakan air tawar maka lebih sering disebut sebagai kolam.
Dari dasar tersebut, maka identifikasi melalui citra satelit resolusi tinggi terhadap obyek tambak/kolam dapat menggunakan batasan kunci interpretasi sbb:
1. Warna : Obyek perairan akan terlihat gelap apabila menggunakan false colour inframerah (band inframerah baik NIR/SWIR akan menyerap gelombang apabila obyeknya berupa air) sehingga pemisahan obyek air dan non air akan lebih mudah dilakukan seperti nampak pada gambar 1.
2. Bentuk dan Pola : Tambak/Kolam akan memiliki pola bentuk yang mudah untuk diidentifikasi mengingat bentukan ini pada umumnya berupa petak berbentuk kotak dengan pematang diantara obyek tambak.
3. Tekstur dan Ukuran : Tutupan air pada obyek tambak/kolam membuat penggunaan lahan ini juga mudah diinterpretasi karena memiliki tekstur yang halus dengan variasi ukuran yang beragam. Pada skala pengelolaan besar, maka pola ukuran yang teratur akan terlihat dalam luasan yang sangat besar seperti ditunjukkan oleh gambar 2 dimana terlihat petak-petak tambak dibuat secara teratur dengan ukuran yang relatif sama.
4. Asosiasi : Lahan budidaya tambak/kolam tidak terlepas dari kebutuhan akan suplai terhadap sumber air. Berdasarkan fakta tersebut, maka letak dari lahan budidaya tambak/kolam pasti akan selalu berasosiasi dengan garis pantai ataupun sungai sebagai penyuplai air. Beberapa kasus yang cukup ekstrem dapat menunjukkan keberadaan tambak yang cukup jauh letaknya dari sungai maupun garis pantai karena sudah ada penerapan teknologi lebih lanjut untuk menyuplai air dari sumber tersebut ataupun adanya intrusi air laut yang mempengaruhi kondisi sumber air pada wilayah tersebut.
Jenis Tambak Berdasarkan Metode Pengelolaan
- Tambak Intensif (Semi Intensif, Intensif ataupun Super Intensif)
Jenis tambak intensif merupakan jenis tambak yang cenderung kecil luasannya apabila dibandingkan dengan sistem ekstensif dan menerapkan sistem populasi yang padat-sangat padat sehingga secara teknis membutuhkan bantuan suplai oksigen agar dapat menunjang DO (Dissolved Oxygen) yang merupakan faktor penting dalam kehidupan biota yang dibudidayakan dalam tambak. Suplai oksigen ini biasanya ditandai dengan adanya penggunaan teknologi seperti Aerator/Kincir Air ataupun teknologi lainnya sehingga ini merupakan salah satu kunci interpretasi yang dapat digunakan dalam melakukan identifikasi terhadap tambak jenis intensif seperti ditunjukkan pada gambar 3. Semakin banyak jumlah kincir yang digunakan, maka semakin besar tingkat intensitas pengelolaan dalam tambak tersebut.
2. Tambak Ekstensif
Tambak jenis ini dikenal sebagai tambak tradisional untuk budidaya biota yang memiliki tingkat padat tebar benih yang rendah sehingga tingkat produktivitasnya rendah. Karakteristik ini yang dapat menjadi acuan bahwa umumnya ukuran tambak ekstensif memiliki ukuran yang relatif lebih besar dibandingkan tambak intensif.
3. Tambak Garam
Tambak jenis ini merupakan jenis pemanfaatan tambak yang berbeda dari segi hasil yang dikeluarkan, namun memiliki pola dan bentuk yang sama apabila diidentifikasi melalui kenampakan citra. Variabel yang menjadi kunci interpretasi penting dalam membedakannya dengan tambak budidaya lainnya adalah adanya warna terang/cerah yang ditunjukkan dengan warna putih pada areal dalam tambak pada gambar 5 sisi kiri. Hal ini akan nampak terlihat terutama saat memasuki musim kemarau yang menjadi puncak musim panen bagi petambak garam. Selain itu, pada gambar 5 sisi kanan terdapat pola bentuk yang berbeda dari tambak budidaya dimana terdapat sekat-sekat pematang kecil yang membagi lagi areal didalam tambak menjadi beberapa segmen. Hal ini merupakan ciri khas dari tambak garam dimana proses penyekatan ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan hasil pengeringan garam yang lebih cepat.
Selain dari 3 jenis tambak diatas, terdapat beberapa karakteristik yang spesifik dapat ditunjukkan dan dipisahkan untuk identifikasi jenis tambak. Setidaknya terdapat 3 jenis status pengelolaan yang melibatkan unsur vegetasi yang muncul dalam areal tambak.
- Tambak Mati
Tambak jenis ini merupakan tambak non aktif yang umum dijumpai diberbagai wilayah di Indonesia yang menjadi sentra industri budidaya tambak. Biasanya tambak mati dapat dikenali melalui adanya pola bekas tambak yang kemudian telah ditumbuhi oleh vegetasi (umumnya secara alami berupa Mangrove dan semak belukar) yang terjadi akibat adanya proses sekresi alami sehingga menyebabkan areal dalam tambak tertutupi oleh vegetasi ataupun melalui batas-batas pematang yang sebagian sudah rusak. Tutupan vegetasi ini sekilas akan membuat bekas tambak ini cukup sulit untuk diidentifikasi sehingga pada jenis tambak ini, diperlukan ketelitian untuk mengidentifikasi berdasarkan pola pematang yang tersisa pada batas-batas tambak yang ada seperti ditunjukkan oleh gambar 6.
2. Tambak Abandoned
Tambak jenis ini memiliki kesamaan terhadap tambak mati, hanya saja pada areal dalam tambak masih dapat dikenali dengan adanya batas-batas pematang yang jelas ataupun adanya bekas pintu irigasi yang masih tersedia. Umumnya, tingkat keterisian vegetasi dalam areal tambak ini cenderung rendah-menengah dan diikuti beberapa areal dalam tambak yang mengalami pengeringan sehingga masih dapat dikenali sebagai tambak dengan mudah seperti dicontohkan pada gambar 7.
3. Tambak Silvofishery
Tambak jenis ini merupakan bentuk adaptasi terhadap kebutuhan akan pengelolaan tambak berkelanjutan yang ditandai dengan adanya penanaman vegetasi mangrove dalam areal tambak yang bertujuan untuk mendapatkan simbiosis mutualisme dalam pengelolaan tambak. Pola yang terlihat apabila diidentifikasi melalui citra satelit seperti gambar 8 yaitu adanya pola vegetasi teratur yang terletak baik dibagian dalam tambak maupun ditepian pematang tambak.
Beberapa contoh diatas merupakan temuan yang umum dijumpai di berbagai wilayah Indonesia namun tidak menutup kemungkinan ada pola/kenampakan lain yang berbeda apabila diidentifikasi melalui citra satelit mengingat terbatasnya pengetahuan yang dimiliki oleh penulis dan semoga dapat ditambahkan dikemudian hari.
Semoga bermanfaat!
Penulis : Dzimar Akbarur Rokhim Prakoso
Sumber :
1. Perka BIG no 3 tahun 2016. Spesifikasi Teknis Peyajian Peta Desa. Badan Informasi Geospasial Indonesia
2. Ahmad, Barkah Amirudin dkk. 2016. Aplikasi SIG Untuk Pemetaan Persebaran Tambak di Kota Semarang. (Studi Kasus: Daerah Tambak Kota Semarang). Universitas Diponegoro
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