Peranan Hutan Mangrove dan Proses Alih Fungsinya di Indonesia.

Hutan mangrove merupakan hutan yang terletak dikawasan pesisir yang memiliki peranan sangat penting dalam menjaga ekosistem pesisir.  

Fungsi penting hutan mangrove untuk lingkungan antara lain menjaga keberlangsungan mahluk hidup lain seperti diantaranya menjadi area migrasi burung-burung, perkembangbiakan dan pemijahan biota-biota laut, menyimpan cadangan karbon, mencegah terjadinya abrasi, mencadi zona pecah gelombang yang melindungi daratan dari ancaman kekuatan destruktif gelombang laut, dan menjadi media penyaring terhadap intrusi air laut ke daratan.

Berbagai peranan tersebut menjadikan hutan mangrove salah satu ekosistem yang sangat vital dan harus dilindungi untuk terus dapat mempertahankan fungsinya. Hal ini kemudian diatur menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 26 Tahun 2007 tentang Penataan Ruang yang menjelaskan bahwa ekosistem mangrove termasuk kedalam kawasan lindung lainnya. Kawasan pesisir berhutan bakau berupa kawasan pesisir laut yang menjadi habitat alami hutan bakau bakau (mangrove) yang berfungsi
memberi perlindungan kepada perikehidupan pantai dan lautan.

Dengan berbagai peranan mangrove diatas, sudah seharusnya perlindungan dan pengembangan hutan mangrove menjadi salah satu prioritas utama di Indonesia. Gambar 1 menunjukkan bahwa di wilayah Kabupaten Pekalongan memiliki beberapa area yang tidak memiliki tanggul alami berupa hutan mangrove sebagai pelindung. Dalam kurun waktu <20 tahun, garis pantai yang ada mengalami perubahan dan terjdi proses abrasi yang sangat masif sehingga menimbulkan dampak tenggelamnya beberapa petak tambak yang terus menerus tenggelam dalam rentang waktu tersebut.

Contoh kasus lain pada garis pantai sepanjang Kabupaten Demak yang ditunjukkan oleh gambar 2 yang menunjukkan proses tenggelamnya mayoritas tambak yang terletak sepanjang pantai yang tidak memiliki pelindung hutan mangrove baik secara alamiah maupun akibat deforestrasi. Proses hilangnya tambak ini juga ditandai dengan hilangnya pematang-pematang tambak, masuknya air melalui tambak yang mengakibatkan aktivitas tambak terhenti.

Disisi lain, pada tahun 2020, terdapat sejumlah kecil area yang masih bertahan dari proses abrasi yang ditunjukkan oleh kotak merah pada gambar 3. Area tersebut merupakan area bekas tambak yang telah ditumbuhi oleh mangrove sehingga secara alamiah akan menyebabkan terjadinya proses sedimentasi secara terus menerus sehingga pada area tersebut dapat bertahan dari proses abrasi secara langsung. Hal ini juga didasarkan pada zona perakaran yang dimiliki oleh mangrove secara alamiah dapat menjebak sedimen yang tertransportasi oleh gelombang laut sehingga terjadi proses sedimentasi pada area tersebut.

Gambar 3. Mangrove sebagai tanggul alami di Kabupaten Demak. (Garis kuning adalah Garis Pantai tahun 2003). Sumber : Pengolahan Google Earth

Proses Alih Fungsi Mangrove

Berbagai macam tekanan terhadap hutan mangrove masih terjadi di Indonesia. Data yang berhasil dihimpun dalam tiga dekade terakhir menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia kehilangan 40% mangrove (FAO, 2007). Hal ini berarti bahwa Indonesia memiliki laju kerusakan mangrove terbesar di dunia (Campbell & Brown, 2015). Secara spasial hal ini bisa dibuktikan dengan beberapa kompilasi tipe kerusakan mangrove yang terjadi pada berbagai wilayah di Indonesia dengan contoh sebagai berikut :

  1. Hutan Mangrove menjadi Perkebunan Sawit

Pembukaan lahan untuk perkebunan sawit kerap kali menimbulkan polemik, Selain tekanan terhadap hutan tropis yang terus terjadi, Pembukaan lahan untuk perkebunan sawit juga bisa mengancam terhadap keberlangsungan dari Hutan Mangrove seperti ditunjukkan oleh gambar 4. Beberapa contoh proses yang terjadi diawali dari pembatasan terhadap sirkulasi masuknya air laut yang lambat laun akan menyebabkan matinya vegetasi mangrove akibat perubahan drastis terhadap nilai salinitas.

2. Hutan Mangrove menjadi Lahan Budidaya Tambak

Proses peralihan mangrove menjadi tambak dominan terjadi pada wilayah-wilayah yang memiliki asosiasi terhadap garis pantai karena pada wilayah tersebut dinilai memiliki tingkat kesesuaian paling tinggi untuk dijadikan lahan tambak.

3. Hutan Mangrove menjadi Lahan Terbangun

Tekanan terhadap hutan mangrove juga diakibatkan oleh aktivitas antropogenik yang melibatkan banyak aktivitas pembangunan untuk kepentingan kehidupan manusia. Dalam hal ini, bentuk peralihan yang umum terjadi antara lain seperti alih fungsi mangrove untuk pembuatan lahan terbangun infrastruktur maupun permukiman. Gambar 6 menunjukkan proses peralihan hutan mangrove yang terjadi di Teluk Balikpapan, salah satu wilayah yang berasosiasi dengan calon lokasi Ibukota Baru Indonesia.

Sebaliknya, proses tumbuhnya mangrove juga dapat dijumpai dalam berbagai bentuk di wilayah Indonesia. Bentuk-bentuk tersebut antara lain :

  1. Bekas Tambak menjadi Mangrove

Fenomena ini banyak terjadi pada wilayah yang memiliki lahan-lahan tambak yang berstatus nonaktif. Biasanya tambak non aktif terkendala pada faktor produktivitas yang minim sehingga dibiarkan dalam kurun waktu yang cukup lama sehingga dapat memicu terjadinya proses sekresi mangrove secara alamiah. Contoh ini ditemukan pada wilayah Kota Surabaya, dimana sepanjang tahun 2009 hingga tahun 2020 banyak mengalami reforestrasi mangrove sepanjang garis pantai dan lokasi bekas tambak yang ada disekitar Pantai Kenjeran dan sekitarnya.

2. Tanggul hasil sedimentasi menjadi Mangrove

Beberapa potret dari sebagian wilayah pesisir di Banda Aceh ini menunjukkan pulihnya ekosistem mangrove pasca terjadinya bencana Tsunami tahun 2004 yang melanda Aceh dan sekitarnya. Proses ini berlangsung dilahan bekas tambak yang tersapu oleh gelombang tsunami dan kemudian mengalami proses sedimentasi sehingga lambat laun berubah menjadi tanggul. dalam kurun waktu 10 tahun, tanggul tersebut kini telah menjadi area hutan mangrove yang cukup lebat.

Ditulis oleh : Dzimar Akbarur Rokhim Prakoso

Sumber :

Campbell, A., & Brown, B. (2015). Indonesia’s vast mangroves are a treasure worth saving. The Conversation. from http://theconversation.com/indonesias-vast-mangroves-are-a-treasure-worth-saving-39367

FAO. (2007). The world’s mangroves 1980-2005. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Indonesia. Undang-Undang Nomor 26 Tahun 2007 tentang Penataan Ruang. LN.2007/NO.68, TLN NO.4725, LL SETNEG : 50 HLM. Sekretariat Negara. Jakarta.

Updated:

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